Translation of Legal Documents by Dena Falken

 

 

 

TRANSLATION OF LEGAL DOCUMENTS

 

By Dena Falken

What is a Legal Document?

            A legal document is generally a document in which two or more parties enter into an agreement and which is finally confirmed by their signature. The term legal documents have a very broad concept in terms of documents required for disclosure and court.

            Often in a particular case, the court will have to decide which types of documents are considered legal documents relevant to the case. When drafting a legal document for the conclusion of a contract, all parties must agree and sign the document. If you do not sign the document, it cannot be considered binding in court.

            Many people confirm the "verbal agreement" theory. But you should always remember the old clichés: "The deal is as good as the newspaper is written." Failure to sign the document is not legal. The legal document is legally binding in the eyes of the court.

What Is A Legal Translation?

            Legal translation is a field of translation that translates legal documents and materials from one language into another while respecting their original meaning. This type of translation consists of a procedure that takes into account the legal framework. Among the various documents that can be translated in connection with the law are the following:

 

·       Contracts

·       Court records and transcripts of witnesses

·       Deposits

·       Confidentiality agreements

·       Wills and trusts

·       Requirements

·       Politics

·       Legal notice

·       License

·       Litigation documentation

·       Referee translation

·       Legal restrictions

·       Others

‘Legalease’ is almost like its own language. A legally educated person is needed to understand. The same thing happens with legal translators. You should know the laws of the country, as a literal translation may not accurately reflect the meaning of the original. It is important that court translators understand the legal implications of what is being translated.

           

Translation Of Legal Documents

            Translation is a very important aspect of modern legal work. This is more common among lawyers and clients as international cases and documents are more widespread. The world is getting smaller and communication is faster. This allows more and more companies to collaborate and use more documentation in all aspects of human communication. From translating passport documents to the complex job of translating documents in an international legal dispute, legal translations are much more in demand than ever before.

            In legal documents, each word has a much greater meaning than in any other context. For example, these documents are often discussed in lawsuits, and because of the severity of such a thing, documentation of the dispute is very important. That could decide the case.

            If this document is in a language other than that used by lawyers, it is essential that a highly qualified court translator be available to translate the legal documents. There is no room for error, which is why legal translation is a highly specialized area. We only need to take into account the nature of some recent major international cases in order to understand the importance of a good translation of legal documents.

            In principle, it is essential that all participants be clarified on legal issues related to such documents. This means that everyone who has a role in any legal matter has the opportunity to understand it and that language is not an obstacle to that understanding. This means that the best legal translator is involved in translating legal documents so that the case can be resolved quickly and save everyone money and time.

Some of the documents that can be included in legal translations include:

·       Translations of contracts, where important contracts, both between individuals and between companies, are accurately translated to all parties. If this is not done correctly, the consequences are obvious.

·       Confidentiality agreements. People who trade with each other often take advantage of this or employ freelancers. These are documents of great importance, especially when it comes to confidential information. Therefore, companies primarily want to ensure that their legal documents on this topic are prepared and translated by experts.

·       Government documents and information. They can be all kinds of important and legal documents that link politics with governments, national and local. It is particularly important that they are properly translated, as they are part of public service contracts and have a direct impact on the lives of communities, both locally and nationally.

Legal documents are vital and often require the person who uses them to read them very carefully. Legal professionals can be hired to monitor or monitor them, and this process cannot occur if there is a language barrier. For this reason, the translation of legal documents is undoubtedly one of the most important tasks of today's legal industry.

            Legal document translation includes document types such as contracts, corporate or government motions, court transcripts, confidential agreements, laws, witness statements, ordinances, wills, birth certificates, bank deposits, immigration documents, and notarial documents.

Useful tips for translating legal documents

Ø  Make sure that the original document is clearly structured and organized and that the translated document is completed in the same way.

Ø  If necessary, seek the advice of a lawyer at the target group. Contacting experts in the field will be invaluable, especially in the case of witness statements and government documents and conditions.

Ø  You must be familiar with the terminology and rules of your country, which are specifically stated in the document.

Ø  Before you start translating, you need to know how and where the translation will be used. This affects the way you do your work and gives you a more sophisticated approach to translation.

Ø  The translation of legal documents must always be done accurately and must follow a specific style of writing the target language. The slightest mistake can lead to complicated or reverse litigation, which makes it different from any other type of translation work.

 

For any translation information contact us at info@legalenglish.com

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HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN MEXICO by Dena Falken

    

 

HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN MEXICO by Dena Falken

           Through out my travels in Mexico, it has always been quite fascinating to learn and see the rich culture in this country.

When walking in downtown Polanco, a stunning area of Mexico City, one is captivated by the amount of culture, restaurants of every ethnic persuasion. A beautiful building is there as well,,,the Jewish Synagogue.

I have always been interested in the Jewish contribution to the Culture in Mexico and how the Jews arrived here. While Mexico has fabulous Jewish restaurants, museums and art, I thought I would explore how the Jewish culture arrived and what the history was.

I learned the following….

Jews first arrived in Mexico in the 16th century from Spain and Portugal. This arrival took place in the midst of the Spanish Inquisition. The Jews at this times were “ conversos”. These are Jews who had been forcibly converted to Christanity, but secretly practiced Judaism.

However, the Inquisition also traveled to the New World and anyone even suspected of practicing Judaism was burned at the stake. It was not until the Inquisition was abolished in 1813 that Jews could practice their culture and faith.

 The Jewish History In Mexico And Why They Immigrated To Mexico

           Jews and Conversos were part of the conquest and colonization of Mexico and were important actors in transatlantic and transpacific trade networks, as well as in the development of internal trade. The Conversos succeeded Hernán Cortés in 1519. They were members of Jewish families who forcibly converted to Christianity to avoid expulsion from Spain after the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The reconquest was followed by the Spanish Inquisition, which made the Converses one of its targets and accused them of returning to Jewish practice.

           During this time, there were two types of Converts: crypto-Jews and Jews who had fully converted to Catholicism. Jews who converted were used to register crypto-Jews in the Catholic Church and were later rewarded with high positions in the Catholic Church. In addition, the Catholic Church at that time was responsible for social assistance and was the most powerful entity. Converso's migration to the new Spanish colony began in 1530, after most of the violence since the conquest of the Aztec Empire had subsided and the Spanish Inquisition continued. For decades, families were able to live in peace, integrating into the Mexican elite, with some becoming prominent Catholic clerics and some returning to Jewish practice.

An interesting fact is brought out by David Nathan. He suggested that the first coins minted by the Spanish conquerors in the Western Hemisphere in Mexico City contained the Hebrew letter aleph (), indicating evidence of Jewish presence or influence in Mexico in 1536. He noted that almost all of the matrices were prepared during the first Aleph appraiser instead of the powerful symbol of the Christian cross, which is almost common on medieval Spanish and Mexican coins, Nathan still considers the possible connection of a Jewish family with the famous Mexican coin workers.

NOT AN EASY ROAD…

 

           The persecution of the Jews came with the Conquistadors to New Spain. Bernal Diaz del Castillo in his writings described several executions of soldiers during the conquest of Mexico because they were accused of being Jews, including Hernando Alonza, who built the boats that Cortés used to attack Tenochtitlan.

After Mexico became independent, it abolished the Inquisition, but the Catholic faith was officially declared. The remaining crypto-Jews did not openly admit it, but began to observe various Jewish rituals, and between 1825 and 1860 several European Jews arrived from Germany and Eastern Europe. Immigrants could not become Mexican citizens, but their main problems living in Mexico were economic, not social or religious.

            However, the Mexican Inquisition was not fully established until 1571, when it became a threat to Converso and the Jewish communities with the first purges between 1585 and 1601. In 1606, Mexico received orders from the King of Spain to release the Convers in inquisitorial prisons. This easing of the Inquisition in Mexico, which was never more brutal than in Spain, made it more visible in the first half of the 17th century. The new Conversos settled in Mexico City, Acapulco, Veracruz and Campeche because they offered more business opportunities.

           However, some moved to more remote areas such as Zacatecas but still offered more opportunities than places further north. Between 1642 and 1649 the Second Inquisition persecuted the Conversos. Attention then shifted to topics such as profanity and moral transgressions. During the colonial period, however, practicing Jews in Spain and elsewhere could not enter Spanish colonial territory.

           An important episode during the colonial period was the establishment of the new kingdom of León. In 1567 the Carvajal family arrived in New Spain under the leadership of the noble Luis de Carvajal. With the exception of himself and his relatives, the family was crypto-Jewish.[10] In 1579, Carvajal acquired land in present-day northeastern Mexico, north of what was then considered New Spain.

           The area received both Convers and practical Jews, and about 75% of the early settlers were secretly Jewish. Some theories hold that Monterrey developed as a commercial center despite its colonial distance due to crypto-Jewish influence. However, Luís de Carvajal and members of his family were persecuted in 1589 for practicing Judaism. Mariane Carvajal's auto-da-fé became part of Mexican art and literature. In 1641 the colony grew and some settlers later moved on to establish new settlements in Coahuila, Texas and Novo Santander.

           The greatest number of criminal prosecutions by the Mexican Inquisition occurred after the collapse of the Iberian Union in 1640, when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch. Portuguese traders entered Spain and America more easily, creating a complex community of crypto-Jews connected to transatlantic and transpacific trading networks. Evidence from individual cases prosecuted by the Mexican Inquisition shows that most crypto-Jews were born in Mexico or their parents in Portugal, mainly from the Portuguese capital Lisbon or Castelo Branca.

                      After Mexico became independent, it abolished the Inquisition, but the Catholic faith was officially declared. The remaining crypto-Jews did not openly admit it, but began to observe various Jewish rituals, and between 1825 and 1860 several European Jews arrived from Germany and Eastern Europe. Immigrants could not become Mexican citizens, but their main problems living in Mexico were economic, not social or religious.

           In 1861, the group rented a hall to celebrate Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, the first recorded instance of public Jewish worship.

Things changed and eased with Emperor Maximilian I.

 In 1865, Emperor Maximilian I issued a decree of religious toleration, bringing representatives of Jewish organizations in Europe and the United States to Mexico to explore immigration possibilities. From 1864 to 1867, Maximilian invited some European Jews from France, Belgium and Austria-Hungary to settle in Mexico. In 1867, only about twenty Jewish families lived in Mexico and a dozen more elsewhere.

More migration to Mexico began after the inquisition. French and British Jews in the late 1800s and Eastern European Jews began to come to Mexico in the 1920s. A large group of Syrian, Turkish and Greek Jews also arrived around the turn of the century. Mexicos first synagogue was erected in 1885 to accommodate the rising population.

 When the Roman Catholic Church's monopoly in Mexico was replaced by religious tolerance during the liberal reform of the 19th century, Jews were able to openly emigrate to Mexico. They came from Europe and later from the crumbling Ottoman Empire, including Syria, until the first half of the 20th century.

Mexico City has always been the center of Mexicos Jewry with a majority of Mexican Jews living there. Today, besides Mexico City, Jews can be found in Guadalajara, Cancun, Monterrey and Tiajuana.

           Today, most Jews in Mexico are mainly Yiddish-speaking Ashkenazi and Spanish-Jewish-speaking Sephardim. It is an island community with its own religious, social and cultural institutions, mainly in Guadalajara and Mexico City. However, since the 1980s, efforts have been made to identify descendants of colonial-era Conversos in Mexico and the southwestern United States in general, with a view to a return to Judaism.

Jews in Mexico are now secure in their political and religious rights. A wonderful part of Mexico and a rich culture that only adds to the magic of Mexico.

 

What is a non disclosure Agreement - Legal-Ease International

 

 

 

 

 

 A non-disclosure agreement (NDA), also known is also known as a confidential, proprietary information agreement (PIA), secrecy agreement (SA), or non-disparagement agreement, is a legal contract or part of a contract between at least two parties that outlines confidential material, knowledge, or information that the parties wish to share with one another for certain purposes, but wish to restrict access to.

 

 ¿Qué es un acuerdo de no divulgación (NDA), también conocido como acuerdo confidencial de información de propiedad exclusiva (PIA), acuerdo de secreto (SA) o acuerdo de no menosprecio, es un contrato legal o parte de un contrato entre al menos al menos dos partes que describen material, conocimiento o información confidencial que las partes desean compartir entre sí para ciertos fines, pero cuyo acceso desean restringir.

 

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Italian Paper History www.legalenglish.com Legal-Ease International Inc.

 

 

ITALIAN PAPER HISTORY

by Dena Falken

            Having a rich culture and even richer food is one of the best things to buy in Italy. Italy is rich in unique treasures, from cutting-edge fashion and design to cutting-edge craftsmanship, a refreshing change from the anonymity of chain stores, while steeped in history and tradition that often stretches back centuries.

            After Spain, Italy was the place where paper production began in Europe. The technique was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by the Arabs, who acquired it along the Silk Road while traveling from China, where the world's first paper was made around the 2nd century AD. After being founded in Spain and Portugal in the 11th century, paper production expanded to Sicily in the 13th century and then to mainland Italy.

AMALFIA

            One of the most powerful maritime republics of the Middle Ages, the Republic of Amalfi was one of the first places on the Italian peninsula to come into contact with papermaking and the Canneto River bubbling up from the slopes of the mountains directly over the city to the sea, and a shipping port ready to export goods, a thriving paper industry quickly emerged in the first half of the twelfth century. Unlike Chinese and Arab papermaking, where wood and cotton pulp were crushed by hand, Europe introduced innovative water-powered mills that mechanized the hammer crushing process.

            At the height of production, which lasted until the mid-19th century, the river gorge on the hillside behind Amalfi was known as Valle Dei Mulini or Valley of the Mills, home to more than a dozen mills, all abandoned when the Industrial Revolution took its toll. obsolete medieval. Today, the only paper mill still in operation is the historic Amatruda Cartiera, where the Amatruda family has been producing paper since the 15th century and still produce thick, luxurious cotton sheets with watermarks on everything from royal wedding invitations to stationery.

            The Museo Della Carta is an interesting stop to learn about the history of papermaking in Amalfi. Housed in a 13th-century paper mill, the Paper Museum offers guided tours in English that explain the history of papermaking in Amalfi through the ages, mills, and tools, and a demonstration of how a sheet of paper was made from of the original pulp. majolica lined with bathtubs. . The gift shop is a treasure trove of locally made leather notebooks, pressed floral stationery, sketches and writing instruments.

FABRIANO

            Paper production quickly spread in Italy, traveling from the coastal commercial center of Amalfi to the fabulous mountain town of Fabriano in Le Marche. Although the city itself is inland, its relative proximity to the important port city of Ancona was likely why Fabriano quickly became one of the first places in Europe to start producing paper on a large scale in the 13th century. Although paper production in Amalfi has almost completely disappeared, Fabriano still produces high-quality industrial and watermarked paper nearly 800 years later.

            The history of paper production in Fabriano is so important that in 2013 it joined Bologna and Turin as the third Italian city to be named the Creative City of Crafts, Arts and Folk Traditions by UNESCO. Although the Renaissance marked the height of Fabrian's paper production (Michelangelo used this paper for his drawings and correspondence, as did many great artists of the time), the city managed to resist decline in the 18th century by introducing industrial production that remained international.

            Like Amalfi, Fabriano has an excellent and fascinating paper museum that takes visitors through the history of local papermaking techniques and innovations, as well as courses and workshops in papermaking, printing and marbling. If you can't get to Fabriano, you can still buy the ubiquitous art paper at almost any art or paper shop in Italy.

FLORENCE

            Like papermaking, the art of paper marbling traveled from China through the Middle East and arrived in Europe in the 17th century. Although this method of decorating paper by floating paint in water and then transferring a marble pattern to absorbent paper was used throughout Europe, Florentine bookbinders, who used their unique papers for envelopes and finishing papers, became famous mainly for their craftsmanship and art. While in other parts of Europe the craft was slowly dying out, paper marble was increasingly concentrated around Florence, and the city is now one of the few places where there are craft workshops producing handmade marble paper.

The First Paper Mill In Italy In Fabriano

The paper could have been first made in Fabriano, Italy, as early as 1279 due to Fabriano’s proximity to Ancona, a port that had a large trade with the Arab world.